Download netter atlas anatomy free

We also want to thank Alexa Doig who took a few of the cadaver photographs. We hope this book expands your vista of the amazing machine we call the human body. We would love to have any feedback you have on how we might improve the book for future editions. Chapter 1 Introduction. Chapter 2 Histology. Chapter 3 Integument. Chapter 4 Skeletal System. Chapter 5 Axial Skeleton. Chapter 6 Appendicular Skeleton. Chapter 7 Articular System. Chapter 8 Muscular System. Chapter 9 Head Muscles.

Chapter 10 Trunk Muscles. Uploaded by onlinekitaabs on July 15, Internet Archive's 25th Anniversary Logo. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book.

Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Hyaline cartilage is present in the bronchi, surrounding the smooth muscle layer. In the main bronchi, hyaline cartilage forms an incomplete ring, giving a 'D'-shaped appearance, while in the smaller bronchi, hyaline cartilage is present in irregularly arranged plates and islands. These plates give structural support to the bronchi and keep the airway open.

The cartilage and mucous membrane of the primary bronchi are similar to those in the trachea. They are lined with respiratory epithelium, which is classified as ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Mucus plays an important role in keeping the airways clear in the mucociliary clearance process. As branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the bronchioles.

As the cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle increases. The mucous membrane also undergoes a transition from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium.

This is known as a tracheal bronchus, and seen as an anatomical variation. It can have multiple variations and, although usually asymptomatic, it can be the root cause of pulmonary disease such as a recurrent infection.

In such cases resection is often curative [6] [7]. The alveolar ducts and alveoli consist primarily of simple squamous epithelium, which permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries occurs across the walls of the alveolar ducts and alveoli.

Bronchial wall thickening, as can be seen on CT scan, generally but not always implies inflammation of the bronchi. Bronchitis is defined as inflammation of the bronchi, which can either be acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. Most sufferers of chronic bronchitis also suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD , and this is usually associated with smoking or long-term exposure to irritants.

The left main bronchus departs from the trachea at a greater angle than that of the right main bronchus. The right bronchus is also wider than the left and these differences predispose the right lung to aspirational problems. Contact Us.

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